Ketamine is a versatile drug with remarkable properties. It was synthesized in 1962 as a substitute for phencyclidine (PCP). Its development heralded a new era in anesthesia.
When administered intravenously, the effect of ketamine is lightning fast. It takes effect within 30 seconds. This makes it a valuable tool in emergency medicine.
Ketamine is used in various medical fields. In anesthesia, it is used to induce and maintain anesthesia. Its pain-relieving effect also makes it useful in pain therapy.
Ketamine is proving to be a promising option for treatment-resistant depression. This new application opens up hopeful prospects for those affected.
The chemical properties of ketamine contribute to its effectiveness. It has the molecular formula C13H16ClNO and a molar mass of 237.72 g/mol. Ketamine is soluble in both fat and water.
This property enables rapid distribution in the body. It also explains the rapid onset of action of the drug.
Despite its medical significance, ketamine is also abused as an intoxicant. It has found its way into the party scene. This aspect underlines the need for strict control.
Important findings
- Ketamine was developed in 1962 as a substitute for PCP
- Rapid onset of action within 30 seconds when administered intravenously
- Versatile applications in anesthesia, pain therapy and depression treatment
- Chemical properties allow rapid distribution in the body
- Strict control necessary due to potential for abuse
Medical applications of ketamine
Ketamine has many uses in medicine. It helps with serious injuries, severe pain and circulatory problems. Doctors also use it for quick diagnoses and local anaesthesia.
Emergency medicine and anesthesia
In emergencies, ketamine relieves pain in intubated patients. The anesthetic is effective for about 15 minutes, the pain relief for at least 30 minutes. The dose depends on the area of application:
- Pain treatment: 0.25-1 mg per kg body weight
- Induction of anesthesia intravenously: 1-2 mg per kg body weight
- Induction of anesthesia intramuscularly: 4-6 mg per kg body weight
Therapy for depression
Ketamine also helps with severe depression. It works faster than conventional medication and can save lives if there is a risk of suicide. The dosage follows this plan:
| Period | Dosage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| First week | 28 or 56 mg | Starting dose |
| First month | Max. 84 mg | 2x per week |
| Subsequent month | Max. 84 mg | 1x per week for 9 weeks |
| Maintenance therapy | Max. 84 mg | Every 2 weeks |
Dosage and administration forms
Only doctors may administer ketamine. They give it as an injection or nasal spray. Possible side effects include dreams, hallucinations and increased blood pressure.
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Research shows good results for depression. Ketamine works within a few hours and lasts for several days. Conventional antidepressants take weeks and must be taken daily.
Mode of action and side effects
Ketamine acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist and influences various bodily processes. When administered intravenously, the effect sets in after 30 seconds. It lasts for about 30 minutes.
Mechanism of action in the body
Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors in the brain and interrupts signal transmission. This leads to pain-relieving and mind-altering effects.
The dosage depends on the area of application:
| Application | Dosage | Form of application |
|---|---|---|
| General anesthesia | 1-2 mg/kg | Intravenous |
| Emergency medicine | 0.25-0.5 mg/kg | Intravenous |
| Intensive therapy | 0.5 mg/kg bolus + 0.4-1.0 mg/kg/h | Continuous infusion |
Mental and physical effects
Ketamine causes dissociative states, hallucinations and altered perception. It can increase blood pressure and heart rate. The sensation of pain is greatly reduced.
Acute and chronic side effects
Ketamine side effects include
- Dizziness and nausea
- Anxiety and panic attacks
- memory problems
- inability to move
Long-term use can cause addiction, learning disorders and nerve damage. Side effects occur in more than 1 in 10 people treated.
Ketamine as an intoxicant
Ketamine was developed in 1962 and is used as a narcotic. In the drug scene, it is known as Special K or Vitamin K. It has been widely used in the techno scene since the 1990s.
Distribution and forms of consumption
Ketamine can be taken intravenously, intramuscularly, transnasally or orally. When taken intravenously, it takes effect after 30 seconds for 5-10 minutes.
When snorted, the effect sets in after a few minutes. It then lasts for one to two hours.
Risks of abuse
Ketamine abuse is dangerous. 13% of respondents had an accident while under the influence. 83% knew someone who had been injured while taking ketamine.
Long-term use can cause permanent damage to the urinary tract. Many long-term users have frequent urge to urinate and pain when urinating.
The “K-Hole” phenomenon
The “K-Hole” is an extreme state of intoxication with strong changes in perception. It can lead to dangerous situations, especially with other substances.
Overdoses can suppress breathing. The strength depends on the form of consumption.
| Form of consumption | Onset of effect | Duration of effect |
|---|---|---|
| Intravenous | 30 seconds | 5-10 minutes |
| Nasal (sniffing) | A few minutes | 1-2 hours |
| Oral | 15-30 minutes | 1-2 hours |
Current research and legal aspects
Ketamine research is making considerable progress. Promising results are emerging in the treatment of depression. In Germany, ketamine is only available on prescription, but is not subject to the Narcotics Act.
New findings in the treatment of depression
Studies show that ketamine is effective in treating treatment-resistant depression. Around 60% of patients do not respond to conventional antidepressants. Ketamine often shows rapid improvements in these cases.
Esketamine, a form of ketamine, is approved in Germany for treatment-resistant depression.
Legal regulation of ketamine
Ketamine is subject to strict regulations in Germany. Only doctors are allowed to prescribe it. It is not subject to the Narcotics Act, but requires careful control.
Future prospects for ketamine research
Ketamine research is constantly evolving. Current studies are investigating its effect on post-operative pain and delirium. Investigations into its gender-specific effects are particularly interesting.
Researchers are also working on personalized dosing strategies. These findings could have a major impact on the future of ketamine therapy.
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